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If a professor uses that phrase to describe allowed materials for the final (instead of something like "open book" or "open note"), is it common/permissible to print off model answers and bring them into the test?

Yep.

Yes. One caveat - sometimes "any materials" means anything except for professionally prepared materials (i.e. E & E, Emanuel Outline, etc.). Sometimes even that is okay though

Huh. Guess I should have figured that out before now. Bad lawyering on my part.

It is probably not a terrible habit to start asking for clarification from the people who actually give you instructions if something is not clear.