Although I agree that if you demand that someone call you Dr. so and so, you may look like a dirt bag, here is what I found out.
Evidence that the J.D. is a doctoral level degree
* The American Bar Association, which regulates and accredits the Juris Doctor degree, authorizes holders of Juris Doctor degree to use the title "Doctor "[134][135] which is sometimes used to refer to holders of research doctorates, and some local bar associations in the United States have also issued concurring opinion statements.[120] . However, one Australian academic institution has stated that, despite its name, recipients of its Juris Doctor are not entitled to use the honorific title "Doctor" at that institution.[136];
* Some academic and professional organizations describe the J.D. distinctly as a professional doctorate.[137][138][139][140][141][142][143].
* Like holders of research doctorate degrees, holders of the Juris doctor are issued doctoral robes in ceremonial contexts,[144][145][146].
* The Juris Doctor is the sole graduate degree of some university presidents—a position for which universities commonly require a Ph.D.[147] or comparable[122] (i.e. terminal)[148] degree—is a J.D. (e.g. former Harvard president Derek Bok, and the presidents of Columbia [149] and Johns Hopkins universities).
1. ^ Association of American Universities Data Exchange. "Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education". --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
2. ^ National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients". InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics NSF 06-312: 7.
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/ ... f06312.pdf. Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
3. ^ San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-05-26. . Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate
4. ^ University of Utah (2006). "University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook".
http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
5. ^ German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education". --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
6. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a.
7. ^ U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels".
http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ou ... udies.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
8. ^ College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. pp. 817. (the degrees offered by law schools are listed in this volume as doctorates and not first professional degrees)
9. ^ University of Washington School of Law. "JD Program & Policies".
http://www.law.washington.edu/students/academics/. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
10. ^ Russo, Eugene (2004). "The Changing Length of PhDs". Nature 431 (7006): 382–383. doi:10.1038/nj7006-382a. PMID 15372047. --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
11. ^ Herbermann, et al. (1915). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Encyclopedia Press. Accessed May 26, 2008.
12. ^ García y García, A. (1992). "The Faculties of Law," A History of the University in Europe, London: Cambridge University Press. Accessed May 26, 2008.
13. ^ García y García (1992), 390.
14. ^ Stein (1981), 434, 435.
15. ^ Stein (1981), 434, 436.
16. ^ a b c Stein (1981), 436.
17. ^ Stein, R. (1981). The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction, Pace University School of Law Faculty Publications, 1981, 57 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 429, p. 430.
18. ^ Stein (1981), 431.
19. ^ Stein (1981), 432.
20. ^ Stein (1981), 433.
21. ^ Stein (1981), 434.
22. ^ a b Stein (1981), 435.
23. ^ Moline, Brian J., Early American Legal Education, 42 Washburn Law Journal 775, 793 (2003).
24. ^ Moline (2003), 775.
25. ^ Stein (1981), 429.
26. ^ Stein (1981), 438.
27. ^ a b Stein (1981), 439.
28. ^ Moline (2003), 781.
29. ^ a b c Moline (2003), 782.
30. ^ Moline (2003), 782 and 783.
31. ^ Sonsteng, J. (2007). "[
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1084098 A Legal Education Renaissance: A Practical Approach for the Twenty-First Century]" . William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, Revised April 2, 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008. page 13.
32. ^ Stein (1981).
33. ^ Stein (1981), 442.
34. ^ Kirkwood, M. and Owens, W. A Brief History of the Stanford Law School, 1893-1946, Stanford University School of Law. Accessed May 26, 2008.
35. ^ Moline (2003), 794.
36. ^ Moline (2003), 795.
37. ^ Kirkwood, 19.
38. ^ a b Sonsteng (2007), 15.
39. ^ a b Moline (2003), 798.
40. ^ Moline (2003), 800.
41. ^ a b Moline (2003), 801.
42. ^ Stein (1981), 445.
43. ^ For detailed discussions of the development of Langdell's method, see LaPiana, W. (1994). Logic and Experience: The Origin of Modern American Legal Education, New York: Oxford University Press; and Stein, R. (1981). The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction, Pace University School of Law Faculty Publications, 1981, 57 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 429, pages 449-450.
44. ^ Ellis, D. (2001). Legal Education: A Perspective on the Last 130 Years of American Legal Training, 6 Wash. U.J.L. & Pol'y 157, p. 166.
45. ^ Moline (2003), 802.
46. ^ Sonsteng (2007), 19.
47. ^ Reed (1921) and Stein (1981).
48. ^ Reed (1921), 162.
49. ^ a b Reed (1921), 165.
50. ^ Reed (1921), 164.
51. ^ Reed (1921), 167.
52. ^ Reed (1921), 161; and Reed, A. (1928). Present-Day Law Schools in the United States and Canada, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Bulletin 21, Boston: Merrymount Press, page 78
53. ^ Reed (1928), 74; and Reed (1921), 169.
54. ^ Stevens, R. (1971). "Two Cheers For 1870: The American Law School," in Law in American History, eds. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971, p.427.
55. ^ Harno, A. (2004) Legal Education in the United States, New Jersey: Lawbook Exchange, page 50.
56. ^ Herbermann, 112-117.
57. ^ Schoenfeld, M. (1963). "J.D. or LL.B as the Basic Law Degree," Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Vol. 4, pp. 573-579, quoted in Joanna Lombard, LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture[dead link], Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference, 1997. pp. 585-591.
58. ^ a b Schoenfeld (1963).
59. ^ John H. Langbein, "Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons," Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?, Oxford University Press, 1996.
60. ^ Reed, (1921), 160
61. ^ Reed (1921), 161
62. ^ The History of the LL.M.
63. ^ Langbein, J. (1996). "Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons," Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?, Oxford University Press.
64. ^ a b Langbein (1996).
65. ^ Reed (1921), 27.
66. ^ a b Reed (1928), 390.
67. ^ See, Langbein (1996).
68. ^ a b c University of British Columbia Board of Governors approves request for LL.B to be renamed J.D. [1].
69. ^ Verification of the data in this table can be found in the subsequent paragraphs of this section.
70. ^ Hall, J. (1907). American Law School Degrees, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 112-117.
71. ^ For example, see J.D. Substantial Writing Requirement, NYU School of Law. Accessed July 23, 2009.
72. ^ Belford, T. (2009). "Why Change to a J.D. Degree?
73. ^ University of Toronto J.D. admissions FAQ [2].
74. ^ University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
75. ^ Belford, T. (2009). "Why Change to a J.D. Degree? Globe Campus. Accessed August 24, 2009.
76. ^ idem
77. ^ Susannah Moran (17 August 2007). Juris doctor degree grows in popularity. The Australian. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
78. ^ University of Queensland. University of Queensland School of Law LL.B. Program Outline. Accessed March 23, 2007.
79. ^ Oztrekk.com. Description of Australian Law School Programs. Accessed March 23, 2007.
80. ^ Bond University. Juris Doctor. Accessed April 7, 2008. Also stated by RMIT at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Juris Doctor. Accessed April 7, 2008.
81. ^ Monash University. Master of Laws (Juris Doctor). Accessed April 7, 2008.
82. ^ Osgoode Law School "Dean Patrick Monahan on the Growing Number of Canadian Law Schools Switching from the LLB to JD Degree Designation" [3]
83. ^ --LinkRemoved--
84. ^
http://www.law.nyu.edu/academics/course ... /index.htm
85. ^ --LinkRemoved--
86. ^ Canadian law school concentrations, certificates and joint-degree programs [4].
87. ^ Law Law Society of Upper Canada PRP[5].
88. ^ --LinkRemoved--
89. ^
http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduatea ... /index.htm.
90. ^
http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/Foreig ... cation.htm
91. ^ --LinkRemoved--
92. ^ NYU/Osgoode Joint LL.B/J.D. [6].
93. ^ Michigan State University School of Law and the University of Ottawa Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program
94. ^ University of Windsor / University of Detroit. J.D./LL.B. ProgramAccessed June 1, 2008.
95. ^ P.R.C. National People's Congress. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Academic Degrees(2004). Accessed September 12, 2008.
96. ^ Peking University Shenzhen, School of Transnational Law. 学院概况 [7]. Accessed June 6, 2008. Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School. 国际法学院国际法律硕士接受调剂生通知 [8]. Accessed June 6, 2008.
97. ^ Peking University Shenzhen, School of Transnational Law. J.D. Program First-Year Curriculum, 2008-2009. Accessed June 6, 2008.
98. ^ The University of Hong Kong. Juris Doctor (JD) Overview. Accessed December 15, 2008.
99. ^ The Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Law. The Juris Doctor (JD) Programme. Accessed June 29, 2008.
City University of Hong Kong. Programmes and Courses: Juris Doctor. Accessed June 29, 2008.
100. ^
City University of Hong Kong. Programmes and Courses. Accessed April 7, 2008.
101. ^ Hong Kong Bar Association. General Admission. Accessed June 1, 2008.
102. ^ The Justice System Reform Council (2001). For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century.
103. ^ Yokohama National University Law School.Program Introduction and Dean's Message. Accessed April 7, 2008.
104. ^ Foote, D. (2005). Justice System Reform in Japan. Annual meeting of the Research Committee of Sociology of Law, Paris. European Network on Law and Society.
105. ^ Ateneo de Manila Law School. Philippine Leadership Crisis and the J.D. Program. Accessed April 7, 2008.
106. ^ Clarificatory Guidelines Relative to the Offering of the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) Program and Juris Doctor (JD) Degree Program
107. ^ Curriculum models (2006). Philippine Association of Law Schools.
108. ^ University of Philippines College of Law. News. April 25, 2008.
109. ^ The Weekly Sillimanian Vol. LXXXII No.4: SU Law adopts Juris Doctor Program. By: Princess Dianne Kris S. Decierdo. Published July 15, 2009. Archived copies can be viewed and verified at the Sillimaniana Section of the Silliman University Main Library.
110. ^ PLM Curricula and Degree Programs
111. ^ De La Salle University College of Law Brochure (last accessed July 2009).
112. ^ About O.P. Jindal Global University. O.P. Jindal Global University. Accessed February 16, 2009.
113. ^ i.e. the Laurea Specialisticà in Giurisprudenza
114. ^ Studio Misuraca, Franceschin and Associates. Accessed February 16, 2009.
115. ^ Regio Decreto 4 giugno 1938, n.1269, art. 48 (in Italian). Accessed February 16, 2009.
116. ^ E.g. search for lawyers in Italy on Martindale and view the individual profiles.
117. ^ Ariz. Sup. Ct. R. 31 (a)(2)(B)(2). Accessed June 10, 2008.
118. ^ See, e.g., Texas Penal Code section 38.122 (falsely holding oneself out as a lawyer, third degree felony, two to ten years in prison per Tex. Penal Code sec. 12.34) and section 38.123 (
unauthorized practice of law, generally, Class A misdemeanor).
119. ^ a b American Bar Association. Model Code of Professional Responsibility, Disciplinary Rule 2-102(E). Cornell University Law School, LLI. Accessed February 10, 2009. Peter H. Geraghty. Are There Any Doctors Or Associates In the House?. American Bar Association, 2007.
120. ^ a b For example, See North Carolina State Bar. Use of the Title "Doctor" in Academia, 2007 Formal Ethics Opinion 5. North Carolina State Bar, April 20, 2007. Texas State Bar Association. Texas Committee on Professional Ethics, Op. 550. Texas Center for Legal Ethics and Professionalism, May 2004. Florida Bar Association. Opinion 88-2. The Florida Bar, January 15, 1988. New Jersey Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics. Opinion 461. New Jersey Bar Association. South Carolina Bar Association. Ethics Advisory Opinion 76-02. South Carolina Bar Association, 1976. Michigan Bar Association. Opinion 1176. Michigan Bar Association, 1976.
121. ^ See University of Utah Academic Senate, Senate Summary, 11/3/03, vol. 34 n. 3, pg. 2 (3rd full paragraph). Ohio University Presidential Position Description. Ohio University. Accessed February 20, 2009.
122. ^ a b See American Bar Association. Council Statement 2. American Bar Association.
123. ^ Association of American Universities Data Exchange; National Science Foundation (2006); San Diego County Bar Association (1969); University of Utah (2006); German Federal Ministry of Education; Encyclopedia Britannica (2002).
124. ^ E.g. University of Montana School of Business Administration. Profile of Dr. Michael Harrington. University of Montana, 2006. See also Distance Learning Discussion Forums. New wrinkle in the "Is the JD a doctorate?" debate. Distance Learning Discussion Forums, 2003-2005.
125. ^ E.g. Peru: Hernandez & Cia. Accessed February 16, 2009; Brazil: Abdo & Diniz. Accessed February 16, 2009 (see Spanish or Portuguese profile pages); Macau: Macau Lawyers Association. Accessed February 16, 2009; Portugal: Alves Periera Teixeira de Sousa. Accessed February 16, 2009; Argentina: Lareo & Paz. Accessed February 16, 2009; and Italy Studio Misuraca, Franceschin and Associates. Accessed February 16, 2009.
126. ^ E.g. Dr. Ronald Charles Wolf. Accessed February 16, 2009. Florida Bar News. Debate over 'doctor of law' title continues. Florida Bar Association, July 1, 2006.
127. ^ Google Translate; Longman English-Japanese Dictionary (2007). Pearson Education, Essex U.K.; Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary. (2003). Oxford, N.Y.
128. ^ Google Translate; The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary. (2002). Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing.; Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Chinese-English). (2006). Pearson Education, Hong Kong, 2006.
129. ^ See previous two cites, respectively, for Japanese and Chinese usage. Also see The Morrison Foester law firm website, one of the largest law firms in Asia and the United States, for an example of usage.
130. ^ a b The Chronicle of Higher Education. (October 30, 2007). Concord Law School Merges with Kaplan U.. Accessed June 12, 2008. Concord Law School. Concord Law School Accreditation. Accessed June 12, 2008.
131. ^ a b Concord Law School. EJDsm. Accessed June 12, 2008.
132. ^ Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc., 514 U.S. 159 (1995)
133. ^ Concord Law School. EJDsm. Accessed June 12, 2008. The website states that students "are not required to adhere to the strict guidelines of the State Bar of California" because of this fact.
134. ^ American Bar Association. Model Code of Professional Responsibility, Disciplinary Rule 2-102(E). Cornell University Law School, LLI. Accessed February 10, 2009.
135. ^ Peter H. Geraghty. Are There Any Doctors Or Associates In the House?. American Bar Association, 2007.
136. ^ RMIT University, Postgraduate Program in Juris Doctor.[9]
137. ^ Association of American Universities Data Exchange. Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education. Accessed May 26, 2008.
138. ^ National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients," "InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics" NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate).
139. ^ San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". Accessed May 26, 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate)
140. ^ University of Utah (2006). University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook. Accessed May 28, 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees),
141. ^ German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education". Accessed May 26, 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analyzing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate).
142. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. (2002). "Encyclopedia Britannica", 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).
143. ^ --LinkRemoved--
144. ^ Haycraft, Frank W (1927). The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities & Colleges. London: Cheshunt Press.
145. ^ Lackmiller, D (1969). Scholars on Parade: Colleges, Universities, Costumes and Degrees. New York: MacMillan.
146. ^ American Council on Education (2008). "American Costume Code & Ceremony Guide". --LinkRemoved--. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
147. ^ See University of Utah Academic Senate, Senate Summary, 11/3/03, vol. 34 n. 3, pg. 2 (3rd full paragraph). Ohio University Presidential Position Description. Ohio University. Accessed February 20, 2009. Presidential Search. Stony Brook University. Accessed February 22, 2009. Presidential Candidate Search. University of South Carolina. Accessed February 22, 2009.
148. ^ For another example of the J.D. being considered a terminal degree for purposes of an academic appointment, See
http://web.archive.org/web/200801110706 ... lty-23.htm
149. ^
http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Lee_Bollinger
150. ^ PhD and Equivalent Doctoral Degrees: The ERC Policy
151. ^ United States Department of Labor
152. ^ Yale Law School, Admission Requirements for J.S.D
153. ^ Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems: Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools, Kenneth K. Mwenda, Cambria Press. [10]
154. ^ [11]
155. ^ [12]
156. ^
http://cronus.uwindsor.ca/clubs/sls/sls ... 202009.pdf Student Law Society
157. ^ RMIT University, Postgraduate Program in Juris Doctor.[13],
158. ^ Austin Peay State University, Minutes of Deans Council Meeting, July 28, 2004. [14],
159. ^ United States Department of Labor
160. ^ PhD and Equivalent Doctoral Degrees: The ERC Policy